Peru (in Quechua and in Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru, is a sovereign country in western South America. The Pacific Ocean borders its coast and borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, and Bolivia and Chile to the southeast. Its territory is made up of diverse landscapes: the valleys, the plateaus and the high summits of the Andes unfold to the west towards the desert coast and to the east towards the Amazon.

Ancient Peru was a region of successive civilizations since the emergence of Caral-Supe in 3200 BC. C.17 The Inca Empire was the last autochthonous or indigenous state, which dominated a large part of the South American west towards the fifteenth century. The conquest of the Incario was followed by the next century, after which the territory was configured as a viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire articulated around the exploitation of silver and gold with forced labor of indigenous and African slaves in mines and haciendas.